技術簡介生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電技術是一種將生物質(zhì)能轉(zhuǎn)化為電能的方法，它通過氣化過程將生物質(zhì)廢物（如木料、秸稈、稻草、谷殼、甘蔗渣等）轉(zhuǎn)化為可燃氣體，然后利用這些氣體驅(qū)動內(nèi)燃機發(fā)電。這項技術的關鍵在于生物質(zhì)氣化工藝、焦油處理及氣體凈化、焦油廢水處理及其循環(huán)使用、燃氣發(fā)電和系統(tǒng)控制技術等。技術分類

　　Technical Introduction: Biomass gasification power generation technology is a method of converting biomass energy into electrical energy. It converts biomass waste (such as wood, straw, rice straw, husks, sugarcane bagasse, etc.) into combustible gases through the gasification process, and then uses these gases to drive an internal combustion engine for power generation. The key to this technology lies in biomass gasification process, tar treatment and gas purification, tar wastewater treatment and recycling, gas-fired power generation, and system control technology. Technical Classification

　　1、按氣化劑類型分類生物質(zhì)氣化技術按氣化劑類型分類。其中，干餾氣化其實是熱解氣化的一種特例。且由于干餾是吸熱反應，應在工藝中提供外部熱源以使反應進行。氧氣氣化則不需要提供外部熱源，產(chǎn)品為熱值為15000kJ/m3 的中熱值氣化氣。空氣氣化由于N2的加入，使其可燃氣成分含量降低，熱值也隨之降低在5000kJ/m3 左右，為低熱值氣體。氫氣氣化反應條件苛刻，需要在高溫高壓且具有氫源的條件下進行， 其氣化氣為熱值高達22260～26040kJ/m3 的高熱值氣化氣。2、按氣化裝置運行方式分類生物質(zhì)氣化技術按氣化裝置的運行方式分類，國內(nèi)外已投入商業(yè)運行的氣化方法主要有：固定床氣化爐、流化床氣化爐。固定床氣化爐可分為下吸式、上吸式、橫吸式和開心式。其中下吸式氣化爐應用最廣。生物質(zhì)原料由爐頂?shù)募恿峡谕度霠t內(nèi)，氣化劑（空氣、氧氣）可以由頂部進入，也可以在喉部加入。氣化劑與物料混合向下流動， 在高溫喉管區(qū)發(fā)生氣化反應。下吸式氣化爐主要特點是氣化強度高（相對于上吸式），工作穩(wěn)定性好，可隨時加料；由于燃燒區(qū)在熱解區(qū)與還原區(qū)之間，因而干餾和熱解的產(chǎn)物都要經(jīng)過燃燒區(qū)，在高溫下裂解H2和CO，使得氣化中焦油含量大為減少。流化床氣化爐按氣化爐結(jié)構(gòu)和氣化過程，可將流化床氣化爐分為循環(huán)流化床、雙流化床和攜帶床四種類型。按吹入氣化劑的壓力大小，流化床氣化爐又可分為常壓流化床和加壓流化床。其中循環(huán)流化床由于其眾多優(yōu)點，適用于大型商業(yè)化運行。循環(huán)流化床是唯一在恒溫床上反應的氣化爐。氣化反應在床內(nèi)進行，焦油也在床內(nèi)裂解。流化介質(zhì)一般選用惰性材料（沙子）或非惰性材料（石灰或催化劑），可增加傳熱及清洗可燃氣，適合水分含量大、熱值低、著火困難的生物質(zhì)燃料。循環(huán)流化床氣化爐的主要缺點是入料需要預處理，產(chǎn)氣中灰分需要很好的凈化處理和部件磨損嚴重。典型操作條件為溫度600℃，加工能力100kg/h，以楊木為原料時產(chǎn)氣率可達65％。優(yōu)點在于結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊、傳熱速率高、氣相停留時間短、有效抑制裂化，但是載氣需求量大。氣化產(chǎn)生的可燃氣主要用來發(fā)電。生物質(zhì)氣化的發(fā)電技術有以下3 種方法：帶有氣體透平的生物質(zhì)加壓氣化、帶有透平或者引擎的常壓生物質(zhì)氣化、帶有朗肯循環(huán)的傳統(tǒng)生物質(zhì)燃燒系統(tǒng)。傳統(tǒng)的生物質(zhì)氣化聯(lián)合發(fā)電技術（BIGCC）包括生物質(zhì)氣化、氣體凈化、燃氣輪機發(fā)電及蒸汽輪機發(fā)電。

　　1. Biomass gasification technology is classified by gasification agent type. Among them, dry distillation gasification is actually a special case of pyrolysis gasification. And since dry distillation is an endothermic reaction, an external heat source should be provided in the process to facilitate the reaction. Oxygen gasification does not require an external heat source, and the product is a medium calorific value gasification gas with a calorific value of 15000kJ/m3. Due to the addition of N2, the combustible gas content of air gasification decreases, and the calorific value also decreases to around 5000kJ/m3, making it a low calorific value gas. The hydrogen gasification reaction conditions are demanding and require high temperature, high pressure, and a hydrogen source. The gasification gas is a high calorific value gasification gas with a calorific value of 22260-26040kJ/m3. 2. Biomass gasification technology is classified according to the operation mode of gasification devices. The main gasification methods that have been put into commercial operation at home and abroad are fixed bed gasifier and fluidized bed gasifier. Fixed bed gasifiers can be divided into down suction, up suction, cross suction, and open core types. Among them, the down draft gasifier is the most widely used. Biomass raw materials are fed into the furnace through the feeding port on the top of the furnace, and gasifying agents (air, oxygen) can enter from the top or be added at the throat. Gasification agent and material mix and flow downwards, and gasification reaction occurs in the high-temperature throat area. The main characteristics of a down draft gasifier are high gasification intensity (compared to an up draft), good working stability, and the ability to add materials at any time; Due to the combustion zone being located between the pyrolysis zone and the reduction zone, the products of both dry distillation and pyrolysis must pass through the combustion zone, where H2 and CO are cracked at high temperatures, resulting in a significant reduction in tar content during gasification. According to the structure and gasification process of the fluidized bed gasifier, it can be divided into four types: circulating fluidized bed, double fluidized bed, and carrier bed. According to the pressure of the blowing gasifying agent, fluidized bed gasifiers can be divided into atmospheric fluidized beds and pressurized fluidized beds. Among them, circulating fluidized beds are suitable for large-scale commercial operation due to their numerous advantages. Circulating fluidized bed is the only gasifier that reacts on a constant temperature bed. Gasification reaction occurs in the bed, and tar is also cracked in the bed. Fluidized media are generally made of inert materials (sand) or non inert materials (lime or catalyst), which can increase heat transfer and clean combustible gases. They are suitable for biomass fuels with high moisture content, low calorific value, and difficult ignition. The main disadvantages of circulating fluidized bed gasifier are that the feedstock needs to be pretreated, the ash content in the produced gas needs to be well purified, and the components are severely worn. The typical operating conditions are a temperature of 600 ℃, a processing capacity of 100kg/h, and a gas production rate of up to 65% when using poplar wood as raw material. The advantages are compact structure, high heat transfer rate, short gas phase residence time, and effective suppression of cracking, but the demand for carrier gas is high. The combustible gas generated by gasification is mainly used for power generation. There are three methods for biomass gasification power generation: biomass pressurized gasification with gas turbine, atmospheric biomass gasification with turbine or engine, and traditional biomass combustion system with Rankine cycle. The traditional biomass gasification combined power generation technology (BIGCC) includes biomass gasification, gas purification, gas turbine power generation, and steam turbine power generation.

　　工藝過程生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電工藝包括3 個過程：①生物質(zhì)氣化，把固體生物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化為氣體燃料；②氣體凈化，氣化出來的燃氣都帶有一定的雜質(zhì)，包括灰分、焦炭和焦油等，需要經(jīng)過凈化系統(tǒng)把雜質(zhì)除去，以保證燃氣發(fā)電設備的正常運行；③燃氣發(fā)電。目前，國際上有很多發(fā)達國家開展提高生物質(zhì)發(fā)電效率方面的研究， 如美國Battelle（63MW）項目，歐洲英國（8MW）和芬蘭（6MW）的示范工程。

　　The biomass gasification power generation process includes three steps: ① biomass gasification, which converts solid biomass into gaseous fuel; ② Gas purification, the gas produced by gasification contains certain impurities, including ash, coke, tar, etc., which need to be removed by a purification system to ensure the normal operation of gas power generation equipment; ③ Gas power generation. At present, many developed countries are conducting research on improving the efficiency of biomass power generation internationally, such as the Battelle (63MW) project in the United States, demonstration projects in the United Kingdom (8MW) and Finland (6MW) in Europe.

　　技術特點環(huán)保性：生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電過程中，可以通過控制氣化條件減少污染物的生成，同時利用氣化產(chǎn)生的灰渣作為肥料，實現(xiàn)了資源的綜合利用。靈活性：該技術適用于不同規(guī)模的發(fā)電項目，從小規(guī)模的幾百千瓦到大規(guī)模的數(shù)千千瓦，可以根據(jù)實際需求進行調(diào)整。經(jīng)濟性：雖然初期投資較大，但由于生物質(zhì)資源豐富且價格低廉，長期來看，生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電的成本具有競爭力。應用前景隨著全球?qū)稍偕茉葱枨蟮脑黾雍铜h(huán)境保護意識的提升，生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電技術作為一種清潔、的能源轉(zhuǎn)化方式，具有廣闊的應用前景。特別是在農(nóng)村和偏遠地區(qū)，生物質(zhì)氣化發(fā)電可以有效解決電力供應不足的問題，同時促進當?shù)亟?jīng)濟發(fā)展和環(huán)境保護。

　　Technical characteristics and environmental friendliness: In the process of biomass gasification power generation, the generation of pollutants can be reduced by controlling the gasification conditions, and the ash generated by gasification can be used as fertilizer to achieve comprehensive utilization of resources. Flexibility: This technology is suitable for power generation projects of different scales, ranging from small-scale hundreds of kilowatts to large-scale thousands of kilowatts, and can be adjusted according to actual needs. Economy: Although the initial investment is large, the cost of biomass gasification power generation is competitive in the long run due to the abundant and inexpensive biomass resources. With the increasing global demand for renewable energy and the rising awareness of environmental protection, biomass gasification power generation technology, as a clean and efficient energy conversion method, has broad application prospects. Especially in rural and remote areas, biomass gasification power generation can effectively solve the problem of insufficient electricity supply, while promoting local economic development and environmental protection.